How Do Executive Function Deficits Affect Children with Behavioral Disorders?

What you need to know

• Children with disruptive behavior disorders show significant difficulties with executive functions compared to typically developing peers
• Executive function challenges appear to be worse when behavioral disorders occur together with ADHD
• Early identification and targeted support of executive function skills may help improve behavioral outcomes

Understanding Executive Functions and Behavior

Picture a young student trying to complete their homework. They need to remember the assignment instructions, control impulses to check their phone, flexibly switch between different subjects, and plan how to get everything done on time. These mental skills are called executive functions - they’re like the brain’s control center for managing thoughts and actions.

For some children and teens who struggle with behavioral disorders like Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD), these executive function skills often don’t work as effectively. This can make it harder for them to regulate their behavior, leading to increased conflicts and difficulties at home and school.

The Research Evidence

This comprehensive analysis examined 50 different studies looking at executive function abilities in young people with behavioral disorders. The results showed that children with these disorders consistently performed worse on executive function tasks compared to their typically developing peers.

Specifically, they showed difficulties in several key areas:

• Working memory (holding and manipulating information in mind)
• Cognitive inhibition (blocking out distractions)
• Behavioral inhibition (controlling impulses)
• Cognitive flexibility (adapting to changes)

The size of these differences was “moderate” in statistical terms, suggesting these challenges are meaningful but not overwhelming.

The ADHD Connection

Many children with behavioral disorders also have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The research found that when both conditions occur together, executive function difficulties tend to be more pronounced.

This suggests that having both conditions creates a “double impact” on a child’s ability to plan, organize, and control their behavior. Understanding this interaction is crucial for parents and professionals working with these children.

Age and Development Matter

The research showed that executive function differences become more apparent as children get older. This may be because executive function demands increase with age - older children are expected to handle more complex tasks requiring planning, organization and self-control.

This finding highlights the importance of early identification and support. The sooner we can help children develop their executive function skills, the better equipped they’ll be to handle increasing challenges.

What This Means for You

If you’re a parent or work with children who have behavioral disorders:

1. Recognize that challenging behaviors may stem from executive function difficulties, not just defiance
2. Break down complex tasks into smaller, manageable steps
3. Provide clear structure and routines to reduce executive function demands
4. Use visual aids and reminders to support memory and organization
5. Celebrate progress in developing self-control and planning skills
6. Consider seeking professional support focused on building executive function abilities

Conclusions

• Executive function challenges are a key feature of behavioral disorders in children and teens
• These difficulties affect multiple areas including memory, impulse control, and mental flexibility
• Having both behavioral disorders and ADHD can compound executive function challenges
• Early identification and targeted support of executive function skills is crucial
• Understanding these challenges helps adults provide more effective support